1. High in Acetic Acid, With Potent Biological Effects

Apple cider vinegar is made in a two-step process, related to how alcohol is made (1).The first step exposes crushed apples (or apple cider) to yeast, which ferment the sugars and turn them into alcohol.In the second step, bacteria are added to the alcohol solution, which further ferment the alcohol and turn it into acetic acid — the main active compound in vinegar.In French, the word "vinegar" actually means "sour wine."Organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar (like Bragg's) also contains "mother," strands of proteins, enzymes and friendly bacteria that give the product a murky appearance.Some people believe that the "mother" is responsible for most of the health benefits, although there are currently no studies to support this.Apple cider vinegar only contains about three calories per tablespoon, which is very low.There are not many vitamins or minerals in it, but it does contain a small amount of potassium. Quality apple cider vinegar also contains some amino acids and antioxidants.

2. Can Kill Many Types of Harmful Bacteria

Vinegar can help kill pathogens, including bacteria (2).It has traditionally been used for cleaning and disinfecting, treating nail fungus, lice, warts and ear infections.Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used vinegar for wound cleaning over two thousand years ago.Vinegar has also been used as a food preservative, and studies show that it inhibits bacteria (like E. coli) from growing in food and spoiling it (2, 3, 4).If you're looking for a natural way to preserve your food, then apple cider vinegar could be highly useful.There have also been anecdotal reports of diluted apple cider vinegar helping with acne when applied to the skin, but I didn't find any strong research to confirm this.

3. Lowers Blood Sugar Levels and Fights Diabetes

By far, the most successful application of vinegar to date is in patients with type 2 diabetes.Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels, either because of insulin resistanceor an inability to produce insulin (5).However, high blood sugar can also be a problem in people who don't have diabetes. It is believed to be a major cause of aging and various chronic diseases.Pretty much everyone should benefit from keeping their blood sugar levels in the normal range. The most effective (and healthiest) way to do that is to avoid refined carbs and sugar, but apple cider vinegar can also have a powerful effect.Vinegar has been shown to have numerousbenefits for blood sugar and insulin levels:

Improves insulin sensitivity during a high-carb meal by 19–34% and significantly lowers blood sugar and insulin responses (6).
Reduces blood sugar by 34% after eating 50 grams of white bread (7).
2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar before bedtime can reduce fasting blood sugar in the morning by 4% (8).
Numerous other studies in humans show that vinegar can improve insulin function and lower blood sugar levels after meals (9, 10).

For these reasons, vinegar can be useful for people with diabetes, pre-diabetes, or those who want to keep their blood sugar levels low for other reasons.If you're currently taking blood-sugar-lowering medications, check with your doctor before increasing your intake of any type of vinegar.

4. Helps You Lose Weight and Reduces Belly Fat

Surprisingly, studies also show that vinegar can help you lose weight.Several human studies show that vinegar can increase satiety, help you eat fewer calories and lead to actual pounds lost on the scale.For example, if people take vinegar along with a high-carb meal, they get increased feelings of fullness and end up eating 200–275 fewer calories for the rest of the day (11, 12).A study in 175 people with obesity showed that daily apple cider vinegar consumption led to reduced belly fat and weight loss (13):

15 mL (1 tablespoon): Lost 2.6 pounds, or 1.2 kilograms.
30 mL (2 tablespoons): Lost 3.7 pounds, or 1.7 kilograms.

However, keep in mind that this study went on for 3 months, so the true effects on body weight seem to be rather modest.That said, just adding or subtracting single foods or ingredients rarely has a noticeable effect on weight.It's the entire diet/lifestyle that counts and you need to combine several effective methods to see results.Overall, it seems like apple cider vinegar is useful as a weight loss aid, mainly by promoting satiety and lowering blood sugar and insulin levels.But it won't work any miracles on its own.

5. Lowers Cholesterol and Improves Heart Health

Heart disease is currently the world's most common cause of premature death (14).It is known that several biological factors are linked to either a decreased or increased risk of heart disease.Several of these "risk factors" can be improved by vinegar consumption, but many of the studies were done in animals.These animal studies suggest that apple cider vinegar can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, along with several other heart disease risk factors (15, 16, 17).There are also some studies showing that vinegar reduces blood pressure in rats, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and kidney problems (18, 19).The only human evidence so far is an observational study from Harvard showing that women who ate salad dressings with vinegar had a reduced risk of heart disease (20).But this type of study can only show an association, it cannot prove that the vinegar caused anything.As mentioned above, human studies also show that apple cider vinegar can lower blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity and help fight diabetes. These factors should also lead to reduced risk of heart disease.

6. May Have Protective Effects Against Cancer

Cancer is a terrible disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells.There is a lot of hype online about the anti-cancer effects of apple cider vinegar.In fact, numerous studies have shown that various types of vinegar can kill cancer cells and shrink tumors (21, 22, 23).However, all of the studies on this were done in isolated cells in test tubes, or rats, which proves nothing about what happens in a living, breathing human.That said, some observational studies in humans have shown that vinegar consumption is linked to decreased esophageal cancer in China, but increased bladder cancer in Serbia (24, 25).It is possible that consuming apple cider vinegar may help prevent cancer, but this needs to be researched more before any recommendations can be made.

Dosage and How to Use

The best way to incorporate apple cider vinegar into your diet is to use it in your cooking — for salad dressings, homemade mayonnaise and that sort of thing.Some people also like to dilute it in water and drink it as a beverage. Common dosages range from 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 ml) to 1–2 tablespoons (15–30 ml) per day, mixed in a large glass of water.It’s best to start with small doses and avoid taking large amounts, because too much vinegar can cause harmful side effects.It is recommended to use organic, unfiltered apple cider vinegar with the "mother."