Reform Movements in the Progressive Era ---- The Progressive Era presented many important reforms, but the two reforms that were the most impactful were the women’s rights and labor reforms. Without them and the women activists who fought for them, our country would be a very different place than it is today. At the end of the nineteenth century, American politicians, journalists, professionals, and volunteers mobilized on behalf of reforms meant to deal with a variety of social reforms associated with the Progressive Era. Women activists emphasized the special contribution could make in tackling these problems. With issues of public health and safety, child labor, and women’s work under dangerous conditions so prominent, who would be better to address them than women? Focusing on issues that appealed to women as wives and mothers, and prompting the notion that women were particularly good at addressing such concerns. By emphasizing traditional traits, female social reformers between the late 1800’s and WWI created new spaces for themselves in local and then national government even before they had the right to vote. They carved out new opportunities for paid labor like social work and public health, and stressed the special needs of poor women and children in order to build support for America’s early welfare state. Concerns about social problems were not new for women. Since the antebellum era (1789 - Civil War), middle class women engaged in various forms of civic activity related to the social and moral welfare of those less fortunate. Temperance, abolition, and moral reform activities dominated women’s politics before the Civil War. By the 1870s, women were broadening their influence, working in national organizations such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), which helped single women in America’s cities. During the Progressive era, a moral-reform agenda motivated many women; such organizations as the WCTU, for example, intensified their activities on behalf of a national ban on alcohol and against prostitution. But it was after 1890 that the issues surrounding social welfare took on their greatest urgency. The Panic of 1893, along with the increasing concerns about industrialization—the growing slums across American cities, the influx of new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, the increase in labor strife—contributed to that sense of urgency. Within a decade, vast networks of middle-class and wealthy women were energetically addressing how these social programs affected women and children. Encouraged by the national General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC), local women’s clubs turned to learning about and then addressing the crises of the urbanizing society. Excluded by the GFWC, hundreds of African American women’s clubs affiliated with the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) focused on family welfare among black Americans who were dealing with both poverty and racism. The National Congress of Mothers (later the Parent Teacher Association) emerged in 1897 to address the needs of the American family and the mother’s crucial role in fulfilling those needs. Activist women throughout the country, from Boston in the East, to Seattle in the West, and Memphis in the South, focused on improving public schools, especially in poor neighborhoods. In conclusion, though they believed that women had a special affinity for social welfare work, progressive women did not rely on the notion that women had a natural sympathy for the poor. Tackling the social problems of the day, they believed, required hardheaded research. “A colony of efficient and intelligent women,” Florence Kelley wrote of her colleagues at Hull House in 1892. Three years later, the women of Hull House published the famous detailed survey of social conditions in Chicago, Hull House Maps and Papers, now considered a major work in the early history of American social science. A conviction that knowledge about social conditions would lead to social change, implemented through modern “scientific” methods, was a hallmark of progressive social reformers. Women conducted detailed social investigations as part of their campaigns on behalf of protective labor legislation. And at the Children’s Bureau, Lathrop campaigned on behalf of public health initiatives for infant and maternal care and against child labor by first launching major investigations of the conditions that she wanted government to address. WORKS CITED Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work, 194. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830–1900 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 186. Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890–1933 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Robyn Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). “Antebellum Period.” www.historynet.com/antebellum-period “Reform Movements of the Progressive Era.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 27 Mar. 2012, www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/resources/reform-movements-progressive-era