Plantation Agricultural

>>Well organized export-oriented crop cultivation with a good management using skilled labour on large estates is called plantation agricultural. Among the crops grown in these estates, tea, rubber, sugarcane, cotton, cocoa, and coconut are important.

Special characteristics of plantation agricultural

• Expansion of plantation on very large estates and its operation on a commercial basis. • Use of both local and foreign labour. • Use of skilled labour with proper management. • Presence of industrial features although it is a system of agricultural. • Source of foreign exchange as they are export crops. Example:- Tea, Rubber and coconut in Sri Lanka. • In many countries plantation agricultural was initiated by foreigners. Attention is focussed only on tea and rubber cultivations from the above mentioned crops.

Tea cultivation

![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZZA31qweLKu9JtXhk6faT7dFuyuFKR6My5FEncwf8WKV/image.png)[Source]( ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZZA31qweLKu9JtXhk6faT7dFuyuFKR6My5FEncwf8WKV/image.png)) Tea, discovered by Chinese can be introduced as a commonly consumed beverage in almost all the countries in the world at present. During the colonial period, the western nations introduced tea cultivation to some countries of the world. At present, it has become a main crop grown under plantation agricultural. The asian region occupies a prominant place in the cultivation of tea than other regions of the world. ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQJ9zURD4UUmVgKdzdzBv4dANiwUHcPhrDeamg1ugDRS6/image.png) [Source]( ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQJ9zURD4UUmVgKdzdzBv4dANiwUHcPhrDeamg1ugDRS6/image.png) ) ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTq9d8HHi7zWE8CKgbMvp8J7xqGJczFQ9GmhwebJuYUF1/image.png) [Source]( ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTq9d8HHi7zWE8CKgbMvp8J7xqGJczFQ9GmhwebJuYUF1/image.png) ) Tea cultivation has expanded in these countries due to the prevalence of favorable factors. They are a temperature between 15°C-27°C, annual rainfall around 1900mm-5460mm, loam and laterite soil, areas with gentle slopes and skilled labour.

Special characteristics of tea cultivation

1. A crop that gives a harvest extending over a long period of time. 2. Expansion of tea plantation as small and large estates. 3. Prevalence of proper management and a regular labour organization. 4. Use of various techniques to increase the yield. 5. Popularity of the vegetatively propagated tea than the tea that is planted from seeds. 6. Presentation of tea to the market with various flavors and attractive packaging. Ex:- Yellow tea, Black tea, Green tea, Lemon tea and White tea. [source](www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk)

Rubber cultivation

Rubber which was a jungle crop in Brazil, later expanded gradually into countries of South and South-east Asia and Africa as a plantation crop. The demand for rubber increased gradually with the development of the automobile industry in Europe around 1890s. By the 20th century, rubber was second only to tea among the crops grown under plantation agricultural. At present, 95% of the world's total natural rubber production comes from South and South East Asian countries... **Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka** are etc. Rubber cultivation is widely distributed in these countries in the world due to favorable physical factors such as a temperature of about 27°C, rainfall about 2000mm and laterite or kabok mixed red soil. At present, rubber has become important as a main cultivation crop that provides necessary raw material for various industrial products. ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ7LYaVaWAPMuAztk5HCuNHP2RKRJwFjSX4FUcBkNskgi/image.png)[Source]( ![image.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ7LYaVaWAPMuAztk5HCuNHP2RKRJwFjSX4FUcBkNskgi/image.png))

Special features of rubber cultivation

1. Distribution of rubber cultivation in large estates. 2. A labour intensive cultivation. 3. Use of modern technology at present for tapping rubber and collecting latex instead or manual labour. 4. Increase in demand for rubber as a raw material due to the availability of manufacturing industries where rubber is used as a raw material. 5. Focus on the production of finished products locally by rubber exporting countries while exporting rubber as a raw material. 6. Makes a large contribution to the economy of developing countries where rubber is grown. 7. Faces competition from synthetic rubber in the natural rubber market. The geographical knowledge I gained from school is given here. Sorry for my mistakes. Thank you ❤️