**_Joseph Juste Scaliger – Part 7_** ~[Part 1](https://steemit.com/scaliger/@harlotscurse/joseph-juste-scaliger)~ https://i.imgur.com/ayYMkfc.png**Joseph Juste Scaliger** In the last article in this series, we saw how [Joseph Juste Scaliger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger) completed his edition of the _Appendix Vergiliana_ at Lyon, scribbling a pair of dedications before handing the manuscript over to the printer Guillaume Rouillé on 22 August 1572. He then left for Strasbourg, where he was due to meet up with [Jean de Monluc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Monluc), Bishop of Valence, who had been dispatched by Catherine de’ Medici to secure the throne of Poland for her son, the Duke of Anjou. Scaliger’s journey took him through Switzerland. On the night of 23-24 August, he was asleep in Lausanne when the infamous [St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre) shook Paris. More than a thousand Protestant Huguenots—historians still debate the exact number—were murdered by Catholic extremists. It is possible that Catherine, who instigated the massacre, had sent the irenic Monluc on his embassy to Poland to prevent him from interfering with her nefarious plans. Scaliger did not learn of the catastrophe until he reached Strasbourg. As a Huguenot, he must have feared for his life should he return to France. He abandoned his plans to wait for Monluc and fled instead to the Calvinist city of Geneva, where he was welcomed by [Théodore de Bèze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Beza), the spiritual leader of the Republic of Geneva and the successor of Jean Calvin: >Apparently he arrived there on September 8, as the _Book of the Inhabitants of Geneva_ reports: “Joseph de La Scale, of Agen in Agenois, gentleman, as attested by M. de Bèze. (Ledegang-Keegstra 442) Scaliger was already acquainted with de Bèze, as a number of intimate letters between the two men survive, but the exact date and circumstances of their first meeting are still unknown (Ledegang-Keegstra 441-442). The appearance of Scaliger’s name in Geneva’s _Livre des Inhabitants_ means that he was quickly enrolled as a citizen of the Republic (Grafton 124). https://i.imgur.com/DJcXFla.jpg**Gaspard II de Coligny’s Grave (Château de Châtillon-Coligny)** Scaliger immediate response to the massacre was literary: he composed a fiery epitaph to the memory of [Gaspard II de Coligny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny), the Huguenot leader, who was one of the first victims of the pogrom: >Scaliger might no longer have felt inclined to serve diplomatically in a government that treated his co-religionists in such a manner; he vented his indignation at the murder of Coligny and the desecration of his corpse in verse, the publication of which the not too timid Beza thwarted, probably on account of its vituperativeness [_Heftigkeit_]. (Bernays 42. See also Ledegang-Keegstra 443) In an endnote, Bernays admits that the failure to publish the inflammatory verses may have been due to simple negligence—an oversight on Beza’s part, rather than the diplomatic suppression of incendiary material. In 1606, Scaliger was commissioned by de Coligny’s daughter to draft a Latin epitaph for his tomb at the [Château de Châtillon-Coligny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2tillon-Coligny), but even this was too vehement to be used without alteration (Bernays 150 : d’Aubigné 2:4:541-545). (This tomb no longer exists. Coligny’s simple grave at Châtillon-Coligny dates from 1851 and does not bear Scaliger’s epitaph.) Scaliger remained in Geneva for two years (1572-74). On 31 October he was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the [Calvinistic Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Calvin)—a post he accepted only reluctantly. Over the course of the following two years, he delivered lectures in the Academy’s _schola publica_ on Aristotle’s [_Organon_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon) and Cicero’s dialogue [_De finibus bonorum et malorum_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum). But the life of a professor did not appeal to him. Scaliger’s passion was ever to learn, not to teach. He would eventually return to France via Basle in the late summer of 1574, following the conclusion of the [Fourth War of the Huguenots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion#The_%22fourth%22_war_(1572%E2%80%931573)), and he would spend most of the following twenty years—1574-1593—in the service of his patron Louis Chasteigner de la Roche-Posay. https://i.imgur.com/iqXjlD6.jpg**South Wing of the Collège Calvin** Among the scholars with whom Scaliger became acquainted in Geneva was the Scottish theologian [Andrew Melville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Melville), Professor of Humanity at the Academy. A close friendship grew up between the two exiles, despite the fact that Melville had fought against the Huguenots at the [Siege of Poitiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Poitiers_(1569)) in 1569. Scaliger’s later works on ancient calendars greatly influenced Melville’s views on sacred chronology, while Melville for his part suggested some textual emendations to one of Scaliger’s Latin editions, Marcus Manilius’s _Astronomica_. He also provided some introductory poems for an edition of the poems of Scaliger’s father Julius Caesar Scaliger (Grafton 126). During his two years in Geneva Scaliger also developed a working relationship with the French printer and classical scholar [Henri II Estienne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Estienne), who ran the Republic’s most important printing press: >Like everyone else, he found Estienne personally exasperating, particularly because of his deplorable habit of altering the books he accepted for publication without telling their authors that he had done so. Nevertheless he supplied Estienne with advice and brief critical appendices for his collection of the fragments of the pre-Socratics and for an anthology of Greek works bearing on the life of Homer. And he provided translations of a number of epigrams from the Greek Anthology to accompany Estienne’s panegyric on the Frankfurt book-fair, the _Francofordiense Emporium_ of 1574. (Grafton 127) https://i.imgur.com/6JDqAPQ.jpg**Henri II Estienne** In addition to delivering public lectures, Scaliger also took on private students, such as the future President of the Parlement de Normandie [Claude Groulart](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Groulart). Goulart had studied with [Jacques Cujas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cujas) in Valence at the same time as Scaliger. In Geneva, he studied Greek and Latin for fifteen months under Scaliger’s tutelage. Groulart would later write that he learned more from Scaliger in one month than he did from other tutors in one year. # Homerica # The two years Scaliger spent at Geneva marked an important turning point in his career: >The Geneva period was critical for the development of Scaliger’s mind ... In Geneva he had time to reflect; and, very gradually, contact with the jurists began to change the main direction of his work. (Grafton 124 ... 126) The new direction Grafton speaks of would gradually steer Scaliger away from Classical poetry and drama—“literature”—and towards more technical subjects of late antiquity, such as grammar, chronology, and calendrics. The fruits of this new direction, however, would take time to mature, for, despite his onerous duties as a public lecturer and private tutor, Scaliger continued to pursue his interests in classical philology. After disposing of the _Appendix Vergiliana_, he initially turned his attention to the _Astronomica_ of [Marcus Manilius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Manilius): >Beginning to study Manilius, he discovered that the text suffered from numerous corruptions and, in particular, from transpositions of lines and passages. He set out to correct these in an edition of and commentary on the text. (Grafton 127) Marcus Manilius was a Roman poet and astrologer of the 1st century CE. He is remembered solely for his unfinished didactic poem _Astronomica_. https://i.imgur.com/SCJp6GE.jpg**Homer** About seven years would elapse before Scaliger’s edition of Manilius was ready for the printer. In the intervening time, he successfully completed and published several other minor projects. The first to pass through the printing press was Henri Estienne’s anthology of Greek works related to the life of Homer—Scaliger, you may recall, claimed that he had taught himself Ancient Greek by working his way through Homer in just twenty-one days. Scaliger’s contribution to this volume, however, was quite slight—less than three pages of critical notes. The finished book bore the imposing title: >_Ὅμήρου και Ἡσιόδου Ἀγόν_ [_Homērou kai Hēsiodou Agōn_]. >_Homeri et Hesiodi Certamen._ >_Nunc primùm luce donatum_. >_Matronis et Aliorum Parodiæ,_ >_Ex Homeri versibus parva immutatione lepidè detortis consutae._ >_Homericorum Heroum epitaphia._ >_Cum duplici interpretatione Latina._ >_The Contest of Homer and Hesiod_ >_The Contest of Homer and Hesiod_ >_Brought to light for the First Time_ >_The _Parodies_ of Matron and Others,_ >_Stitched together from the verses of Homer with little change, but cleverly twisted._ >_Epitaphs for the Homeric Heroes._ >_With Parallel Latin Translations_ The contents of this volume are as follows: * **1-17** _The Contest of Homer and Hesiod_ * **18-39** _Herodotus’s Life of Homer_ * **40-48** _Plutarch’s Life of Homer_ * **49-70** _Homeric Epigrams_ * **71-110** _Preface to the Parodies_ * **111-117** _The Parodies of Matron of Pitane_ * **119-120** _The Parodies of Hegamon of Thasos_ * **121** _The Parodies of Hipponax_ * **122-124** _Parodies of Uncertain Authorship_ * **126-128** _The Parodies of Timon of Phlius_ * **129-134** _Examples of Latin Parodies from Aelius Donatus’s Life of Virgil_ * **135-176** _Epitaphs for the Homeric Heroes_ * **177** Scaliger’s Critical Notes on Herodotus’s _Life of Homer_ * **178-179** Scaliger’s Critical Notes on Matron’s _Parodies_ * **180-181** _Henri Estienne’s Commentary_ https://i.imgur.com/PKT2zRW.jpg**_Poesis Philosophica_ (Title Page) and Statue of Henri Estienne (Hôtel de Ville, Paris)** # Fragments of the Philosophers # In the same year, Henri Estienne also brought out an edition of poetic fragments of early Greek philosophers under the title _Poesis Philosophica, vel Saltem, Reliquiae Philosophicae_ [_Philosophical Poetry, or at least, Philosophical Fragments_]. Among the philosophers represented were [Empedocles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles), [Parmenides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides), [Xenophanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes), [Cleanthes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes), [Timon of Phlius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius), [Epicharmus of Kos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos), [Critias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias), [Heraclitus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus), [Democritus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democritus) and [Pythagoras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras). Also included are some fragments traditionally attributed to mythical or legendary figures, such as [Orpheus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus), [Musaeus of Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens), and [Linus of Thrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_of_Thrace). Scaliger, again, provided some critical notes, amounting in all to about five pages of material. The contents of this volume are as follows: * **3-10** _Dedicatory Epistle to [Reichard Streun von Schwarzenau](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichard_Streun_von_Schwarzenau)_ * **11** _Cicero on Empedocles_ * **12** _Aristotle on Empedocles’ Account of Breathing_ * **13** _Scaliger on Empedocles’ Account of Breathing_ * **14** _Contents of the Book_ * **17-31** _Fragments of Empedocles_ * **35-39** _Fragments of Xenophanes_ * **41-46** _Fragments of Parmenides_ * **49-52** _Fragments of Cleanthes_ * **54-58** _Fragments of Epicharmus_ * **60-74** _Fragments of Timon_ * **75-76** _Fragments of Critias_ * **78-107** _Fragments of Orpheus_ * **109-110** _Fragments of Musaeus_ * **112-113** _Fragments of Linus_ * **114-123** _Fragments of Pythagoras_ * **124-127** _The Iambs of Cleanthes_ * **129-155** _Fragments and Letters of Heraclitus_ * **156-202** _Fragments and Letters of Democritus_ * **203-215** _Extracts from Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Eminent Philosophers_ * **216-219** _Scaliger’s Critical Notes_ * **220-222** _Henri Estienne’s Commentary_ https://i.imgur.com/V4pwhmV.jpg**Marcus Terentius Varro** # Marcus Terentius Varro # Scaliger’s first ever published work was an edition of _De Lingua Latina_ by the Roman polymath [Marcus Terentius Varro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro), to which he added a series of suggested emendations, the _Coniectanea_, or _Conjectures_ (Paris 1565). In 1573 he and Henri Estienne brought out an edition of the extant works of Varro, which included a reprint of _De Lingua Latina_ and an edition of Varro’s other surviving work _De Re Rustica_ (_On Agriculture_): >Scaliger’s other Latin undertakings, however, increasingly reveal the impact of Cujas. First, he published an edition of the works of Varro with Estienne. This was a reprint of [Agustin’s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Agust%C3%ADn_y_Albanell) _De lingua latina_ and [Vettori’s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Vettori) _De re rustica_ as far as the texts were concerned. His _Coniectanea_ on the _De lingua latina_ he simply reprinted, adding an appendix in which he explained several passages in enormous detail, paying far more attention to details of Roman topography and history than he had in the original work. It is his notes on the _De re rustica_ that are especially revealing. Vettori had based his edition on one particularly valuable manuscript, the readings of which he had recorded in detail in his _Castigationum explicationes_. Scaliger reprinted Vettori’s notes in full; and in his own notes he repeatedly accepted Vettori’s views or based his own emendations on Vettori’s collations. ‛For this correction’, he wrote at one point, ‛as for innumerable others [drawn] from that excellent manuscript, we are indebted to that excellent scholar Vettori.’ In the earlier _Coniectanea_ he had often discussed manuscripts and the habits of scribes, but always in general terms. He had never confronted, reading by reading, a major edition from Vettori’s school. In now doing so he clearly showed that he had learned from Cujas to use the detailed findings of the Italians as the basis for a bold and sophisticated conjectural criticism. Geneva gave him the time to digest and apply the lesson. (Grafton 127-128) https://i.imgur.com/gO2C2Tm.jpg**Piero Vettori** Like the 1565 edition of _De Lingua Latina_, this edition included [Adrien Turnèbe’s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianus_Turnebus) commentary on and emendations & excerpts from his _Adversaria_, and Petrus Victorius’s (ie Vettori’s) Commentary on _De Re Rustica_. These were discussed in an earlier article in this series, [_Coniectanea: Scaliger’s Conjectures on Varro_](https://peakd.com/scaliger/@harlotscurse/coniectanea-scaligers-conjectures-on-varro). The _Varronis Opera_ was ready for publication in August 1573. The contents of this edition are as follows: Contents|Page -|- Encomia on Varro|1-2 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 5|1-45 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 6|45-69 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 7|70-91 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 8|92-111 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 9|112-140 _De Lingua Latina_, Book 10|141-160 11 Indices|76 Unnumbered Pages _De Re Rustica_, Book 1|3-64 _De Re Rustica_, Book 2|65-109 _De Re Rustica, Book 3|109-151 Index|18 Unnumbered Pages Scaliger’s _Coniectanea_|1-176 Etymologies|177-190 Scaliger’s Appendix to the _Coniectanea_|191-208 Scaliger’s Notes to _De Re Rustica_|209-276 Indices|23 Unnumbered Pages Adrien Turnèbe’s Commentary on and Emendations to _De Lingua Latina_|5-123 Excerpts from Turnèbe’s _Adversaria_|124-165 Antonius Augustinus’s Emendations to _De Lingua Latina_|166- Index|12 Unnumbered Pages Petrus Victorius’s Commentary on _De Re Rustica_|1-98 Books 5-10 of _De Lingua Latina_ were misidentified as Books 4-9, as in the 1565 edition. https://i.imgur.com/3L7oAO7.jpg**Frankfurt am Main (1646)** # Greek Epigrams # In 1574, Henri Estienne published a panegyric on the famous book-fair that had been held at Frankfurt-am-Mainz since at least the 15th century: _Francofordiense Emporium_. Scaliger provided parallel Latin translations for a number of Greek epigrams from the [_Greek Anthology_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Anthology) and other sources, which comprised one of several appendices to Estienne’s Encomium (pages 62-75). Four of the epigrams are of unknown or uncertain authorship. The remaining are by the following authors (the first five are from the _Greek Anthology_): * [Antipater of Thessalonica](http://www.attalus.org/poetry/antipater2.html) * [Antipater of Sidon](http://www.attalus.org/poetry/antipater1.html) * [Leonidas of Tarentum](http://www.attalus.org/poetry/leonidas.html) * [Marcus Argentarius](http://www.attalus.org/poetry/argentarius.html) * [Dioscorides](http://www.attalus.org/poetry/dioscorides.html) * [Theognis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara) * [Eratosthenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes) * [Hesiod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod) * [Libanius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanius) - _Description of Drunkenness_ _**Itaque hic finem faciam.**_ --- ## References ## * [Antoine César Becquerel](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89065810855&view=1up&seq=3), _Souvenirs Historiques sur L’Amiral Coligny, Sa Famille, et Sa Seigneurie de Châtillon-sur-Loing_, Second Edition, Firmin-Didot, Paris (1876) * [Jacob Bernays](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025359988&view=1up&seq=11), _Joseph Justus Scaliger_, Wilhelm Hertz, Berlin (1855) * [Théodore-Agrippa d’Aubigné](https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_X9Zmp_9mvNkC/page/n297/mode/2up?q=Scaliger&view=theater), _Histoire Universelle_, Volume 2, Pour les Héritiers de Hier. Commelin [Pierre Aubert], Amsterdam (1626) * [Anthony Grafton](https://b-ok.global/book/1198695/2c5a05), _Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship_, Volume 1, _Textual Criticism and Exegesis_, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1983) * [Jeltine L R Ledegang-Keegstra](https://www.jstor.org/stable/24309948), _Théodore de Bèze et Joseph-Juste Scaliger: Critique et Admiration Réciproques_, _**Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français (1903-2015)**_, Volume 159, Pages 441-458, Librairie Droz, Geneva (2013) * [Henri II Estienne & Joseph Juste Scaliger](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35552000252139&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021), _Homerica_, Henri II Estienne, Geneva (1573) * [Henri II Estienne & Joseph Juste Scaliger](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35552000251123&view=1up&seq=5), _Poesis Philosophica_, Henri II Estienne, Geneva (1573) * [Henri II Estienne & Joseph Juste Scaliger](https://books.google.ie/books?id=5T26zVdnQ6kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false), _Varronis Opera: De Lingua Latina, De Re Rustica_, Henri II Estienne, Geneva (1573) * [Henri II Estienne & Joseph Juste Scaliger)](https://books.google.ie/books?id=gDxXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false), _Francofordiense Emporium_, Henri II Estienne, Geneva (1574) * Charles Seitz, _Joseph Juste Scaliger et Genève_, Georg et Compagnie, Geneva (1895) * [James Westfall Thompson](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044019553759&view=1up&seq=13), _The Frankfort Book Fair: The Francofordiense Emporium of Henri Estienne, Edited with Historical Introduction, Original Latin Text with English Translation on Opposite Pages and Notes_, Caxton Club, Chicago (1911) ## Image Credits ## * [Joseph Juste Scaliger](https://bge-geneve.ch/iconographie/oeuvre/icon-g-1943-57): Nicolas Eustache Maurin (painter), François-Séraphin Delpech (engraver), Bibliothèque de Genève, Public Domain * [Gaspard II de Coligny’s Grave (Château de Châtillon-Coligny)](https://picclick.fr/Carte-CHATILLON-COLIGNY-Le-Tombeau-de-Gaspard-de-265327736135.html): Château de Châtillon-Coligny, Loiret, Postcard, Crapeau (publisher), Public Domain * [South Wing of the Collège Calvin](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%A2timent_sud_du_Coll%C3%A8ge_Calvin_2007-09-09_(3).jpg): [Mourad ben Abdallah](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Moumou82) (photographer), Public Domain * [Henri II Estienne](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_de_ville_paris033.jpg): Jean Jules Allasseur (sculptor), Hôtel de Ville, Paris, © Harmonia Amanda (photographer), Creative Commons License * [Homer](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg): Roman Copy of a Lost Hellenistic Bust of Homer (2nd Century BCE, Baiae, Italy), British Museum, London, Public Domain * [_Poesis Philosophica_ (Title Page)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estienne_1573,_Poesis_philosophica.jpg): Henri Estienne, _Poesis Philosophica_, Geneva (1573), Public Domain * [Statue of Henri Estienne](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_de_ville_paris033.jpg): Jean Jules Allasseur (sculptor), Hôtel de Ville, Paris, © Harmonia Amanda (photographer), Creative Commons License * [Marcus Terentius Varro](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statua_di_Marco_Terenzio_Varrone_(Rieti)_02.jpg): Dino Morsani (sculptor), Rieti, © [Alessandro Antonelli](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Una_giornata_uggiosa_%2794) (photographer), Creative Commons License * [Piero Vettori](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Pietro_Vettori_Petrus_Victorius_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-1909-4362.jpg): Cornelis Galle (engraver), Jean Jacques Boissard (artist), [_Icones virorum illustrium doctrina & eruditione praestantium ad vivum effictae_](https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019rosen0732Av1/?sp=89), Volume 1, Page 72, Theodor de Bry, Frankfurt am Main (1598), Public Domain * [Frankfurt am Main (1646)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:De_Merian_Hassiae_081.jpg): Martin Zeiller (author), Matthäus Merian (illustrator), _Topographia Hassiae et Regionum Vicinarum_, Between Pages 54 and 55, Merian Erben, Frankfurt am Main (1655) ## Online Resources ## * [The Warburg Institute](https://warburg.sas.ac.uk/search?search=Joseph+Justus+Scaliger) * [Leiden University Libraries](https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/1887327) * [Jacob Bernays: _Joseph Justus Scaliger_](https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV005043251) * [Jacob Bernays: _Joseph Justus Scaliger_](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001221720) * [Autobiographical Extracts](http://www.pereplet.ru/gorm/fomenko/scaliga.htm) https://i.imgur.com/7kq532u.png