A WARNING FOR THE FUTURE

Earlier, in the essay ‘Consumption and the Perpetuation of Scarcity’, we saw how market efficiency has no general consideration for what is being bought and sold. It really doesn’t care if the products and services are useful or not, harmful or not, so long as cyclical consumption is kept at an acceptable rate. The same is true of labour. So far as the market economy is concerned, the true utility of labour, its actual function, is not as important as the mere act of labour itself. So long as cyclical consumption and growth is maintained, what the job consists of- whether it actually serves a necessary function that encourages work as I would define it or is detrimental to it- is far less important than perpetuating the current system.

Here we are no longer just talking about the practical argument for jobs. Were that the case, we would likely use technological unemployment as an opportunity to end wage slavery and transition to a post-hierarchical world in which robots occupy positions that used to be jobs, freeing up people’s time so that they can pursue callings. Marshall Brain’s novella ‘Manna’ presents two visions of how the rise of robots could affect our lives, one negative and one positive. The positive version does show that we can imagine ways in which we might adapt to a world in which jobs are no longer a practical necessity. But we don’t just have the practical justification to deal with. There is also the ideological part of the argument, and as the practical excuse begins to wane, becoming harder to justify as machines gain the abilities needed to make Aristotle’s vision of a hierarchical-free society a genuine possibility, we shall likely see the ideological justification for maintaining the current system pushed with increasing fervour.

YOU MUST BELIEVE THAT JOBS ARE GOOD

The ideological argument is that jobs are not in fact a miserable necessity we should look forward to being rid of as soon as practically possible, thereafter to engage in nonmonetary forms of productivity as we create the work, selves and societies we actually want; rather, jobs are work, the only kind of work anyone should aspire to. Maybe it could be argued that when jobs were very much a practical necessity it did make sense to encourage a belief that submitting to a job and working hard mostly for someone else’s benefit was a way of achieving success in one’s own life. But as the practical justification for jobs is rendered obsolete by technology, the old ‘work ethic’ that cannot imagine a good reason for productive effort beyond ‘doing it for money’ becomes a serious impediment to transcending the current system.

We must ask: Who really benefits from perpetuating this ideal of working hard for most of one’s waking hours, mostly for the benefit of a ruling class of financial nobility? Obviously, it is in the interest of whoever occupies the top of a hierarchy to maintain the structure from which their power and prestige is derived.

THEY WHO BENEFIT

Throughout history there have been a few who, craving power, have done all they can to convince the rest that they ought to sacrifice the time of their lives. They have come in many guises- as lords and monarchs insisting we should be bossed by the aristocracy, as socialists who believe we should be bossed by bureaucrats, as libertarians who think we should be bossed by corporate executives. Exactly how the spoils of power should be divvied up is a topic of some disagreement among them. There is much argument over working conditions, profitability, exploitation, but fundamentally none of these ideologues object to power as such and they all want to keep us working in some form of servitude for one simple reason: Because they are the ones who mostly benefit from making others do their work for them. It’s very convenient for this powerful minority that the populace subordinate to them do not become too happy and productive in the true sense of the word; that anyone not willing to submit to work within whatever context suits their agenda is viewed with pity or contempt. As George Orwell wrote:

“If leisure and security were enjoyed by all alike, the great mass of human beings who are normally stupefied by poverty would become literate and would learn to think for themselves; and once they had done this, they would sooner or later realize that the privileged minority had no function, and they would sweep it away”.

In Orwell’s story, an endless war is fought between three superstates. The real purpose of this war is not final victory for one of the sides. In fact, the war is intended to go on forever. The real purpose of the war is simply to destroy material goods and so prevent leisure from upsetting the hierarchical power structure.

BULLSHIT JOBS

In reality much more subtle methods, part of which has to do with market as opposed to technical efficiency and manufactured debt, are used to perpetuate the hierarchy. A popular reply to the question “what happened to reduced working hours?” is that a massive increase in consumerism occurred, as if we collectively agreed that more stuff was preferable to more free time. But that provides only a partial explanation. Although we have witnessed the creation of a great many jobs, very few have anything to do with the production and distribution of goods. Jobs such as those- in industry, farming- have been largely automated away or moved to where labour is cheapest and increasingly service-based jobs are targets for automation as new generations of AI come out of R+D. So what kind of jobs are maintaining the need for so many hours devoted to the narrow definition of work? David Graeber answers:

“Rather than allowing a massive reduction of working hours to free the world’s population to pursue their own projects… we have seen the ballooning not so much of the ‘service’ sector as of the administrative sector...While corporations may engage in ruthless downsizing, the layoffs and speedups invariably fall on that class of people who are actually making, moving, fixing and maintaining things; through some strange alchemy that no one can quite explain, the number of salaried paper pushers ultimately seems to expand”.

Over the coming years will we likely see more administrative jobs created in order to provide oversight, regulation, guidance, and supervision of robots, or at least that’s how propaganda will spin it. In truth such jobs will serve no purpose other than to keep us working in the narrow sense of the word. We have seen signs of this already. The London Underground’s strong union blocked the introduction of driverless trains in the name of ‘protecting jobs’. Protecting them from what? From progress toward a future in which nobody’s time has to be wasted in driving a train each and every day? I think all these union leaders are really interested in is maintaining the hierarchy they derive their power and prestige from. Not much call for unions when robots have liberated us from servitude to corporate or bureaucratic masters.

The 21st Century will see the rise of bullshit administrative jobs that have no practical justification for their existence, and are there merely to perpetuate the class-based hierarchy that has dominated our lives, in one form or another, throughout history. Such a claim may sound like a total contradiction of prior claims that business strives to eliminate work, but bare in mind that I was referring to work in the true sense of the word, not the narrow “jobs= work” definition we are now talking about. Automating truly productive, intrinsically-rewarding work out of existence and increasing the amount of bullshit administrative jobs is a win-win outcome for those with a vested interest in perpetuating the class-based hierarchy.

THE GIG ECONOMY

Do not think that those bullshit jobs will provide security. No, the rise of the bullshit job will coincide with the rise of ever-less secure forms of employment. The move toward employing more temporary workers who are entitled to less benefits than their full time counterparts will speed up as technological unemployment does away with productive and service-based jobs. Those displaced from such jobs, fighting to get off the scrapheap of unemployment, will provide a handy implicit threat to be used against the ‘lucky’ paper-pushers in administration. Although owners and workers generally have opposing interests (the former preferring workers who do more work in the narrow sense of the word for less personal reward, the latter preferring more personal reward and less work in the narrow sense of the word) they are not true enemies but rather co-dependents (or at least they have been). No, the true enemy of the capitalist is other capitalists- rival businesses competing to corner the market, and gain a monopoly. And the true enemy of the worker is the unemployed, who are in competition for their jobs. When the percentage of unemployed workers is low and the number of available jobs is high, the working classes are at an advantage. Conversely, when there are high numbers of unemployed and not many jobs available, power tips in favour of the owners. As a large percentage of jobs are lost to automation, causing an appreciable rise in the number of job-seekers, businesses will likely use their strengthened negotiating position to bring about an ‘Uber’ economy of ‘permalancers’- workers putting in full time hours but on temporary contracts with little if any benefits other than minimal pay. As Steven Hill wrote in a Salon article:

“In a sense, employers and employees used to be married to each other, and there was a sense of commitment and a shared destiny. Now, employers just want a bunch of one-night-stands with their employers...the so-called ‘new’ economy looks an awful lot like the old, pre-New Deal economy- with ‘jobs’ amounting to a series of low-paid micro-gigs and piece work, offering little empowerment for average workers, families or communities”.

According to Graeber, one of the strengths of right-wing populism is its ability to convince so many people that this is the way things ought to be: that we should sacrifice the time of our lives so as to perpetuate the system. He wrote:

“If someone had designed a work regime perfectly suited to maintaining the power of finance capital, it’s hard to see how they could have done a better job. Real, productive workers are ruthlessly squeezed and exploited. The remainder are divided between a terrorised stratum of the- universally reviled- unemployed and a larger stratum who are basically paid to do nothing, in positions designed to make them identify with the perspectives and sensibilities of the ruling class (managers, administrators, etc)- and particularly its financial avatars- but, at the same time, foster a simmering resentment against anyone whose work has clear and undeniable social value”.

It sounds crazy when written down. Who could possibly be in favour of defending something like this? But this is the world that exists today. A world in which all productive activity that falls outside of the narrow definition of work is dismissed as being of no real value; those who engage in such work regarded as ‘doing nothing’. A world in which success and reward are thought of in purely materialistic terms. A world in which those who refuse to submit to the system are deserving of nothing, no matter how much material wealth our technologies could, in principle, produce. A world in which that material wealth is concentrated at the top, not because of superior productive ability and greater input, but because the monetary, financial, and political systems have been corrupted and actually stand opposed to the free-market ideals they claim to uphold.

As Bob Black pointed out, the ‘need’ for jobs cannot be understood as a purely economic concern:

“If we hypothesize that work is essentially about social control and only incidentally about production, the boss behaviour which Rifkin finds so perversely stubborn makes perfect sense on its own twisted terms. Part of the population is overworked. Another part is ejected from the workforce. What do they have in common? Two things -- mutual hostility and abject dependence. The first perpetuates the second, and each is disempowering”.

Follow these developments to their logical conclusion, as Marshall Brain has done. The belief that those who do not submit to serving the system deserve nothing will result in warehouses for those affected by technological unemployment, kept out of sight and out of mind, entitled to nought but the bare minimum of resources needed to sustain life. Those who succeed in getting a bullshit administrative job will be under intense pressure from their corporate masters ‘above’ and the impoverished, jobless masses below to ‘agree’ to intense working pressures, minimal benefits and no job security whatsoever. They will be required to consider themselves ‘lucky’ to have a job at all. Wealth will concentrate even further as the means of production, totally commodified labour power, natural resources, security and military forces and the political system will become the private property of the owners of the artificial intelligences and the financial nobility that bankroll them. The world will have become a plutocracy, run by the superich elite, for the superrich elite and there will be little anyone can do to challenge their supremacy. And all of this will be partly our fault, the consequence of continuing to believe in that false ideology that jobs are work, the only kind of work that counts, the only kind worth aspiring to. We have been told a lie, a made-up justification for why things are the way they are by those with a vested interest in keeping things that way. We must re-discover the true meaning of work, find our collective strength and push technological progress toward a future that serves the many rather than concentrates power into the hands of a few. And the time to do that is running out.

AFTERWORD

I originally intended to end the essay on that stark warning. But over time I thought it might be better to end on a more positive note and come up with suggestions for how we might arrive at a brighter future. Now, I do not pretend to know all the answers. I just want to share some insights that seemed to me to point us in the right direction while I have picked up while researching real work, wage slavery and bullshit jobs.

ONE: REDISCOVER THE TRUE MEANING OF THE WORD ‘WORK’.

If this essay series has one message it wants people to take home, it would be ‘stop thinking of ‘work’ as synonymous with jobs’. We have an unfortunate tendency to think that work should be something rather unpleasant. This attitude was reflected in a comment made by Tom Janowicz, Renaud Gagne, Leah Stephens and Richard Kaplan, regarding contributing to the Steemit social network:

“Did we say ‘work’? It’s not work of it’s fun!”

I say we should adopt precisely the opposite attitude: Only when productive activity is fun- when it is personally rewarding and beneficial to people and communities you really care about- should it be deserving of a noble word like ‘work’. If not, if you find fun despite of, instead of because of, what you do (remember, we are always free to choose how we feel about our situation) then what you are doing should not be dignified with the word ‘work’. Given that debt anxiety is the main reason why most people submit to labour they would rather not sacrifice so much time to, I think the term ‘WAGE SLAVERY’ is a far more apt synonym for ‘job’.

Rather than think of a paid job as synonymous with work, and play as being as far removed from work as any activity can possibly get, I say we should turn things around and think of jobs (not careers, not callings, jobs) as being what is far removed from ‘work’, while ‘play’ should be considered so like ‘work’ it is a synonym. This brings me to point two.

TWO: STUDY VIDEOGAMES AND HOW THEY TURN DULL WORK INTO SOMETHING VERY ENJOYABLE

I will not say too much here. For those who want more information on how play truly is work and how videogames succeed in making work so enjoyable people pay decent money for an opportunity to engage in it, see my essay ‘QUIT/CONTINUE’.

THREE: REINVENT MONEY.

Money is not the root of all evil. Money can be an incredibly useful way of calculating the various value of commodities and services and directing resources to where they are best-placed to raise prosperity.

But money has a design (I mean how it works, not how it looks) and that design can either promote cooperative, altruistic behaviour, or it can encourage us to be competitive, acquisitive and greedy. Unfortunately, the fiat monetary systems that dominate in today’s markets are designed to make us focus on short-term goals, to think selfishly, and to take wealth out of the hands of truly productive people and channel it toward a financial casino that arguably contributes nothing and just moves money around for the sake of making more money.

The good news is that the corrupt nature of modern banking and the financial sector and the political structure that exists to serve and perpetuate greed at the top is under increasing scrutiny as information and communications networks grow around the world. And people are looking to money and asking how it can be reinvented so as to encourage behaviours that are more beneficial as a whole, and find its way into the hands of those who will raise prosperity levels rather than just gamble with wealth others produce and expect others to pay costs while banksters get bailed out. For a good introduction to the new forms of money being trailed around the world, see the book RETHINKING MONEY by Bernard Lietar and Jacqui Danne.

FOUR: The robot revolution leads to ‘Production By the Masses’.

As artificial intelligence, robotics and atomically-precise manufacturing mature (and their maturation is something capitalism encourages, as it is so useful for reducing costs and increasing profit) this will put in place the foundations for a way of working that is quite different to what we were used to in the 20th century.

The industrial revolution gave us mass production. But the power plants, factories and offices that were the main places of work during the 20th century were most efficient when people were organised into hierarchies not unlike fascist regimes. The 21st century, with its robots, AI and increasingly capable additive manufacturing capabilities, could result in ‘Production By The Masses’. Unlike ‘mass production’, production by the masses works best in laterally-scaled networks that encourage cooperation and collaboration rather than hierarchies in which most people are just bossed around by superiors.

We got a taste of what production by the masses could look like when computing power became so powerful, cheap, user-friendly and ubiquitously networked that anybody could produce and distribute digital content. If anything refutes the suggestion that people don’t want to work, it is the incredible diversity of content on today’s web, most of it produced out of passion not monetary incentive. When we have not just desktop computers but web-enabled desktop factories (as user-friendly as today’s laser printers) I expect there to be an even greater embrace of open-source collaboration and work done for passion’s sake.